Memorial Hall in Philadelphia :: Architecture History

Commemoration Hall The gigantic domed structure in Fairmont Park, Philadelphia, is the main significant structure staying from the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. Dedication Hall filled in as the Art Gallery for the reasonable and was intended to turn into a perpetual historical center. The structure was charged and paid for by the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia. The planned sum for the corridor was $1,500,000 and it cost just $64,000 more than arranged. Albeit littler than other significant structures at the 1876 reasonable, Memorial Hall is gigantic. Its impression takes up a section of land and a half. It is 365 by 210 feet, and 59 feet tall, with a 150-foot vault sitting on top. Beneath the structure is a 12-foot cellar. Roosted on the vault is a sculpture of Columbia standing 23 feet 6 inches tall. Three angled entryways every 15 feet wide and 40 feet excellent grade the passageway to the corridor. The entryways of the passages are made of iron and have bronze boards with reliefs of the emblem of each state and domain. The United States crest is in the inside. Between the curves are two bunched segments delegated with little statuettes representing Science and Art. Around the base of the vault are four sculptures, set on the corners, speaking to Commerce, Industry, Mining, and Agriculture. The principle entrance opens to a corridor 82 feet down, 60 feet wide, and 53 feet high. From this room three entryways lead into the focal lobby, which is 83 feet square with a roof raised to 80 feet under the arch. To either side of the focal lobby are the primary exhibitions, each estimating 98 by, 84 feet, and 35 feet high. At the point when the transitory dividers are expelled and the exhibitions join the principle corridor, they make what was at the time the biggest lobby in the nation. This consolidated corridor can be 287 feet in length, by 85 feet wide, enough to hold 8,000 individuals. Over the corridor is a fantastic overhang promenade 275 feet in length and 45 feet wide, from which one can ignore the wonderful northern quadrant. By and large the structure gives 75,000 square feet of divider surface for artworks and 20,000 of floor space for figures. Raised on a six-foot stage ignoring the Schuylkill River, Memorial Hall housed the main worldwide workmanship display in the United States. Taking an interest nations contributed such huge numbers of works that even this gigantic structure couldn't feature them all.

Gandhi’s Key Concepts of Passive Resistance, Non-violence, and Self-rul

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi-2 October 1869 - 30 January 194 was the pre-prominent political and otherworldly pioneer of India during the Indian autonomy development. He is otherwise called Mahatma which implies â€Å"The Great Soul†. He was focused on pacifism, that there ought to be no violence.(1) He had three ideas to follow in his life for freedom of India: Satyagraha, Ahimsa and Swaraj. Gandhi presented the idea of â€Å"Satyagraha† that implies â€Å"passive resistance†. This latent obstruction additionally implies ‘soul force’ or ‘truth force’. The words satya implies truth and Agraha implies request, or holding solidly to (2). For Gandhi, Satyagraha is more probable a technique which is rehearsing in peacefulness. Gandhi says, â€Å"Truth (satya) infers love, and solidness (agraha) induces and in this manner fills in as an equivalent for power. I in this way started to call the Indian development Satyagraha, in other words, the Force which is conceived of Truth and Love or non-violence.† (3) Gandhi dedicated himself for Satyagraha so as to decolonize India from British without viciousness. In his book Home Rule he says,† Passive opposition is a strategy for making sure about rights by close to home torment, it is the converse of obstruction by arms. At the point when I will not do a thing that is repulsive to my inner voice, I use soul-force† (5). He conveyed this idea in Indian Independence Movement. For him, Satyagraha has three fundamentals meaning: â€Å"Satyagraha is a weapon of the solid; it concedes to no brutality under any condition at all; and it ever demands truth† (6). Additionally, he introduced a few principles for this â€Å"soul-force† to the people of India as a battle to follow and to arrive at the independency. For example, these are the standards that he needed his kin to obey without viole... ...ed States and South Africa. Works Cited (1) http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_was_Mahatma_Gandhi#ixzz17wt8byMT (2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha (3) Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926 from Johnson, p. 73. (4) Gandhi, M.K. â€Å"Letter to Mr. â€â€â€  25 January 1920 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 19, p. 350) (5) http://www.mkgandhi.org/swarajya/coverpage.htm (6) Gandhi, M.K. â€Å"Some Rules of Satyagraha† Young India (Navajivan) 23 February 1930 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 48, p. 340) (7) http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/ahimsa.htm (8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj (9) http://www.mkgandhi.org/swarajya/coverpage.htm (10) http://www.swaraj.org/whatisswaraj.htm (12) King, Jr., Martin Luther (1998). Carson, Clayborne. ed. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.. pp. 23â€24 (13) http://www.sa-venues.com/nelson_mandela.htm

buy custom Imaging Services Radiology essay

purchase custom Imaging Services Radiology article The job of imaging is currently getting perpetually significant in tolerant administration. With the now far reaching utilization of various imaging procedures, it has become evident that there are a few different ways of examining a similar condition through demonstrative imaging. Demonstrative imaging is a term used to allude to those advances utilized by specialists in looking at the body to build up any ailment (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). There are different machines and methods that can make photos of the human body. Specialists utilize different advancements in inspecting the body for pieces of information about an ailment. Numerous symptomatic imaging tests are effortless and simple. By and by, they may expect one to remain for quite a while in the machine. The study of radiology has its start towards the finish of the nineteenth century when a Dutch physicist, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, found a type of radiation that he named x-beam since he was unable to comprehend its tendency (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). In the main decade of the disclosure of x-beam, the physical impacts of x-beams on patients were likewise watched. It was not some time before another clinical claim to fame known as radiology was conceived. Customarily, radiology was separated into analytic and helpful. The main basic region between these controls was the utilization of ionizing radiation. The last quarter of the twentieth century was set apart by changes in indicative radiology that supplanted those made in the initial seventy five percent of the century (Daffner, 2007). Advancements in late decades have upset clinical finding, making zones of the body beforehand difficult to reach to careful assessment obviously noticeable. The domain of symptomatic radiology envelops different modalities of imaging that might be utilized separately or, all the more generally, in blend to give the clinician enough data to help in making determination. Demonstrative imaging incorporates radiography with and without differentiate upgrade, processed tomography, attractive reverberation imaging, analytic ultrasound, and atomic imaging (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). The initial three of these imaging structures use X-beams. The main symptomatic imaging methodology to be inspected in this paper is the registered tomography. Under standard conditions, the meaty organs of the body, for example, the heart and kidneys are viewed as uniform in radiographic thickness whenever analyzed utilizing ordinary radiographs (Brant Helms, 2009). Be that as it may, these tissues fluctuate some way or another in their compound properties, and it is conceivable, utilizing PC upgraded methods, to quantify those distinctions, amplify them, and show them in shifting shades of dim or in shading. This is the reason for processed tomography. The main CT machine was created by Godfrey Hounsfield in England, and for these endeavors, he was granted the Nobel Prize in medication in 1979 (Brant Helms, 2009). In CT, the subject is lighted utilizing a x-beam pillar, just as an indicator framework that moves all around the body of the patient. This permits the framework indicator to gauge the power of radiation going through the subject (Erkonen Smith, 2009). The information acquired from the estimations are taken care of to a PC framework foranalysis. The PC framework at that point doles out various shades of dim to various structures dependent on their ingestion or lessening coefficients. An image is remade by the PC which depends on geometric plots of where the estimations were gotten from. Notwithstanding the CT having being found in the mid 1970s, the framework utilizes a numerical equation that had been created by Johann Radon before in 1917 (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). One of the cutting edge forms of CT innovation is known as helical or winding CT. In helical CT, the patient table is moved at a consistent pace through the CT gantry as the checking procedure proceeds while a x-beam tube turns about the patients body. A steady volume of information is acquired during a solitary breath-hold. This strategy has drastically improved the speed of procuring picture. It additionally makes checking conceivable particularly during best difference opacification. It additionally takes out curios that are occasioned by mis-enlistment and contrasts in patients breathing (Brant Helms, 2009). The data got utilizing CT frameworks is shown on a TV CRT screen and recorded on CD or DVD. When the data has been recorded, it is conceivable to adjust the windows of the different densities to ideally show the different subject organs on the understanding console. The information from the CT is connected to an advanced showcase, for example, PACs or teleradiology (Daffner, 2007). It might likewise be moved to x-beam film utilizing a gadget known as a multi group camera. The presence of certain viscera or vascular neoplasms is upgraded by infusing contrast material intravenously. The most recent specialized development in CT imaging is known as multi-finder helical CT (MDCT). It utilizes the helical priciples; scanner, in any case, incorporates various columns of locator rings (Herring, 2007). This empowers the accomplishment of numerous cuts in each cylinder turn; consequently expanding the patients territory that can be encased by a solitary x-beam shaft. The key advantage of MDCT is its pace. Contrasted with helical CT, this form is five to multiple times. For body filtering, one millimeter cuts can be gotten making cubic isotropic voxels, which permits picture reproduction in any anatomic plane without losing goals (Daffner, 2007). An inconvenience of MDCT is radiation portion, which can be three to multiple times higher than with single-cut CT. During a CT imaging test, the patient lies on table connected to the CT scanner. The machine at that point sends x-beam through the body part under examination. Each revolution of the CT scanner takes somewhat under one second and offers an image of a slender cut of the body part under assessment. The photos are then spared in a PC, and can likewise be printed. A CT imaging test can be utilized to concentrate practically all pieces of the body like the lung, liver, heart, thyroid and even bones (Erkonen Smith, 2009). The second demonstrative imaging methodology to be analyzed in this paper is attractive reverberation imaging (MRI). This is a method that produces tomographic pictures by methods for radio waves and attractive fields. As inspected before, CT assesses just a solitary tissue parameter through x-beam constriction. In any case, MRI investigates numerous tissue attributes including protonn thickness, T1 and T2 unwinding times of tissues, and blood stream inside the tissue. The delicate tissue hole gave by MRI is impressively better contrasted with what can be gotten utilizing some other imaging methodology (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). T1 is an estimation used to decide how quick a tissue can be come polarized (Brant Helms, 2009). Then again, T2 bunches how rapidly a given tissue loses its polarization. X-ray is grounded on the reason that few protons can ingest and discharge radio wave vitality if the body is exposed to a solid attractive field. Divergent tissues ingest and produce radio wave vitality at various, noticeable, and trademark rate. X-ray examines are gotten when the patient is put in a static attractive field of 0.02 to 4 teslas in quality, contingent upon the specific MRI unit utilized. The decision of unit for imaging depends on inclination and neighborhood accessibility (Daffner, 2007). Few tissue protons in the patient line up with the principle attractive field and are accordingly uprooted from their arrangement by utilization of radio recurrence angles. At the point when the RF angle is ended, the protons that have been ended adjust again with primary attractive field, discharging a little beat of vitality that is identified, limited, and afterward handled by a PC calculation like that utilized in CT to create a cross-sectional tomogrophic anatomic picture. X-ray can be utilized to picture diverse body parts, for example, the, bones, spine, joints, pelvic organs, urinary tract, and heart. It is a valuable strategy for diagnosing skeletal maladies and malignancy (Erkonen Smith, 2009). The last analytic imaging methodology is ultrasound. This methodology utilizes exceptionally high recurrence sound that is coordinated into the body of a patient. The transducer that creates the sound is situated in contact with the skin. A decent acoustic contact is acquired by spreading the body of the patient with jam like substance. As the sound travels through the body, the tissue interfaces reflect it, henceforth delivering echoes which are picked by a similar transducer and a short time later is converted into an electrical sign. Ultrasound is created by causing a unique precious stone to sway at a recurrence that is foreordained. The gem not to transmits the beats of sound and tunes in to the bobbing echoes. The echoes are intensified by electronic methods and recorded on a TV screen as signs (Herring, 2007). During the output, the ultrasound pillar is electronically gone through the patients body and body part is demonstrated in a split second. The acquired picture seems like a cut, and for one to get a three-dimensional appraisal; various cuts must be made by calculating or moving the transducer (Brant Helms, 2009). A ultrasound output can be utilized for different employments. It very well may be utilized to keep a watch on the advancement of a kid that is yet to be conceived. Ultrasound can likewise be utilized to recognize issues of various body parts, for example, the liver, pancreas, ovaries, kidneys, and bosom. Fundamentally, the diverse analytic imaging modalities have been an achievement in the clinical history as they have helped specialists in analyzing different body parts that couldn't have been inspected were it not for the turns of events. Purchase custom Imaging Services Radiology exposition

Effects of Immigration under Trump Administration - Free Essay Example

One of Trumps central campaign promises was to reduce the rate of immigration as his way of promoting Americas security and secure jobs for its citizen. True to his pledge, Trump administration has made a significant effort both through executive orders and rhetoric to cut down on the number of immigrants entering America. Trump war on immigration has elicited a heated debate both in and out of America as the president has faced a lot of criticism for his hard stance against immigration while others have supported the president. However, despite the fierce debate among the two antagonizing sides, almost everyone concurs that Trump policies have a significant effect on immigration. One significant challenge that this Trump administration could end up creating is the reduction in the labor force as people who could prove resourceful in the U.S and would seek legal ways of entering the U.S are affected because of Trump policies (Hauslohner and Ba Tran). There is a possibility that some multinationals that depend on skill-labor provided by immigrant might end up setting offices in countries that have lenient immigration policies. Some of the countries that are worst hit by the ban include Somali, Libya, Syrian, and Iran as Trump cites security reasons for restricting individuals from such countries. However, the ban seems to be affecting countries that are considered friendly to America. According to Hauslohnera and Ba Tran countries such as India, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Mexico whose immigrant play a crucial role in Americas economy by providing both skilled and unskilled labor have seen a drop in the visa application. Even though there is a small positive impact of Trump policies in reducing the rate of unemployment I am skeptical about the effects of war on immigration in the long run. The biggest question that lingers in most Americans mind is the contribution of Trump policies to Americas economy as there is a possibility that restriction on immigration will result in a shortage of workers. Another concern with Trump immigration policy is his use of executive orders to circumvent the resections placed on him by courts. Mayda and Peri criticize Trump Executive Orders (EO) such as the EO 13768 to accelerate deportation of aliens, EO 13767 that aims to build a wall at the U.S southern border with Mexico and EO 13789 that seeks to tighten the application process for Visa. Most of the restrictions proposed by Trump will significantly reduce the number of immigrants entering America. For instance, Hauslohner and Ba Tran note that Amendments to the State Departments Foreign Affairs Manual to place the burden of proof that they will not be a burden to the government is meant to deny visa applicant chances to enter the U.S. The perceived impact of Trump policies are adequately summarized and better explained in Pierce, Bolter, and Selee in a Migration Policy Institute project titled US Immigration Policy under Trump: Deep Changes and Lasting Impacts. The authors attribute the reduction of the number of visas to Trump stringent policies and his harsh rhetoric. Trump administration has reduced the number of immigrants by limiting on humanitarian programs, ending previous administrations protective measures and improving on immigration enforcement. Pierce and her colleagues provide a detailed explanation supported by data and facts cited from various sources on how the Trump administration is tackling the immigration menace. Some of the issues that point towards Trump policies resulting in the reduction in immigration are the reduced number of visa applicants, increased number of deportation and an increase in the number of people arrested seeking asylum in Canada (Pierce et al.) Trump is facing a lot of r esistance and lack of support from the Congress, Courts and local government but he has skillfully used administrative measures to push his vision through. Trump immigration policies have faced criticism for being cruel especially when it comes to families and children. Some of the reasons that the courts have found Trump policies cruel include violation of human rights such as separation of families, detention of asylum seekers and of children as a deterrent to people who would wish to be immigrant in America (Mayda and Peri). The issue of separation children from their parents has raised a lot of outcries as children are subject to mental harm and their health and educational needs are threatened (Nicholson). Any parents who have children and wishes to immigrate to America may not fancy seeing their kids undergoing such a situation. Therefore, those inhuman practices condoned in the Trump administration might deter people from immigrating to America. Given all the negatives associated with Trump immigration policies there is a need for its reversal as it betrays American values and against the U.S constitution in protecting individual rights either illegal or legal migrants. In conclusion, different people have various opinions on the impact of Trump immigration policies on immigrants. Trump administration fight on immigration has discouraged people from migrating to America as other face deportation at an alarming rate. If the same trend continues, Trump risks affecting Americas economy and workforce. Other concerns regarding Trump policies are that they are against the U.S constitution and violate human rights which might discourage individuals from immigration to America.

Human Autoimmune Diseases - 1086 Words

Abstract—Immune system failure can cause many human autoimmune diseases which make body produce antibodies in the blood which attack human antigens not foreign antigens and it can cause many serious and chronic illnesses. This phenomenon results in an auto-immune response which generate the auto-antibodies (ANAs) during this response. This auto-antibodies (ANAs) may be identified through the indirect immunofluorescence test (IIF). But unfortunately, today the IIF is still a subjective method as well as time and labor intensive. Thus, to address these problems, computer Aided Diagnostic (CAD) systems have been developed which automatically classify a human epithelial cells type-2 (HEp-2) cell images into one of its known patterns. This†¦show more content†¦Then, check them under a fluorescence microscope after adding a fluorescence tag which binds to the antibodies according to the type of present antibodies. Hep-2 cells take one of six different patterns which are: ho mogeneous, fine speckled and coarse speckled, centromere, nuclear, cytoplasmic [6]. However, IIF is a subjective method in discovering immune diseases, it depends too seriously on the experience of physicians and unfortunately the accuracy of inter-laboratories agreement drops to 76% for recognition of stained patterns which require more detailed diagnosis [7]. This drops is due to many reasons like the Quantitative information which supplied to physicians are not enough, reading from systems and optics are varying from each other, irradiation occurred through the photo-bleaching effect caused by the light [8] and the reproducibility of the diagnostic protocol is low [9]. In recent years, for these reasons and more there has been increasing interest in employing various image analysis techniques for classification of HEP-2 cells images. Many CAD systems which have been proposed in this field are concerned with shape and morphological features [10-23]. Cordelli et al. [11] consider a heterogeneous set of texture features belonging to different categories, statistical descriptors, spectral measures, local binary pattern (LBP) and morphological descriptors.Show MoreRelatedCoexistence of Autoimmune Disease with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Libyan Patients2041 Words   |  8 PagesMATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective clinical study was undertaken on 849 patients admitted in endocrine department of Tripoli Medical Center from December 2007 to July 2008. From the patients files, the concomitant disease presence or absence was also recorded; especially with reference thyroid function. The important investigations as prescribed by the physician were also recorded. patient’s serum level of T4, T3, FT4, FT3 and TSH were measured for 748 patients. The venous blood samples wereRead MoreNaturally Occurring T Regulatory Cells, Interleukins 10 and 12 in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia.3975 Words   |  16 PagesABSTRACT There is now compelling evidence from animal models autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) that naturally occurring regulatory T cells (n-Tregs) play an important role in immunologic tolerance and control of immune-mediated pathology. However their study in human AIHA is still ill defined. Aim: To measure the peripheral blood proportions of n-Treg cells and the levels of IL10 and IL12 in basal and mitogen-induced (Lipopolysaccharide, LPS) cultures of PBMCs in patients with idiopathic warmRead MoreAre Autoimmune Diseases Killing You?803 Words   |  4 PagesAre Autoimmune Diseases Killing You? The innate/adaptive immune systems are supposed to protect you – what happens when they strike back? Autoimmune diseases: The Immune system is provided by the body to keep the human system healthy, and virus/bacteria free. Autoimmune diseases occur when a T lymphocyte cell escapes the lymphoid and mistakes an organ/system/tissue for a virus, this rogue T cell than instructs B lymphocytes cells to develop antibodies. These special antibodies are known as ‘autoantibodies’Read MoreMIF and Autoinmmune Liver Disease1891 Words   |  8 Pagesand Autoimmune Liver Disease MIF is constitutively expressed in low amounts by hepatocytes and has been shown to be weakly expressed within sinusoidal lining cells as well as biliary epithelial cells of the liver [1, 2]. Previous studies have described an increase in MIF levels being associated with inflammatory hepatic disorders such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [3], however, to date little is known about MIF and its implications in the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver disease. A recentRead MoreAutoimmune Disease : Autoimmune Diseases Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pages Autoimmune diseases are a growing concern in the American population. An estimated 10 million Americans suffer from autoimmune diseases with 75% of these cases being of women. Furthermore, autoimmune diseases have grown to be within the top 10 causes of death among American women. The incidences of these diseases have been shown to increase with financial wealth, industrial development, and the modern progression of life. As such, the occurrence of these conditions is expected to grow as time passesRead More Eliminating Obesity and Autoimmune Disease Essay example1691 Words   |  7 Pagesfoods we consider healthy actually that? What is the diet that will alleviate the problems of obesity and autoimmune disease? Each has a very simple and sensible answer. Obesity and autoimmune disease may be considered the scourge of the modern western world. It is very interesting however, that other cultures with different diets, either do not have our obesity and autoimmune diseases, or are slowly following our trend (meaning the problems we have had since the invention of agriculture, otherRead MoreEssay about The Hygiene Hypothesis1083 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that although we have shifted rapidly into a clean, modern and civilized state, our bodies have not yet adapted, and our immune system is responding inappropriately with an increased susceptibility to allergies and autoimmune diseases. The main premise is that humans are mismatched to modernity. (Stearns, 2009) Our civilization has changed rapidly and we now readily have access to modern hygiene, clean water, and antibiotics but our bodies have not yet evolved to adapt with its new environmentRead MoreThe Way the Immune System Works Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesTHE IMMUNE SYSTEM Definition of the Immune System The human immune system is a collective network of tissues, glands, and organs that work in a coordinated effort with each other to guard our bodies from foreign antigens such as viruses, bacteria, and infection causing microorganisms. For the immune system to work properly, two things must happen: first, the body must recognize that it has been invaded, either by pathogens or toxins or by some other threat. Second, the immune response must beRead MoreAutoimmune Disease By Vitamin D. D ) Case Study1070 Words   |  5 PagesThis important molecule is naturally occurs in all human cells12. Production of this cell is through the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan or vitamin B3, although it turns out vitamin B3 has one significant drawback12. And as we age, the metabolic activity in human body gets slow down. As due to less production of this molecule in the human body, there will be the less production of fuel energy production and immune system regulation as well12. Many years back, researchers observed NAD+ isRead MoreCase Study of Graves Disease Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction The case study selected focused on Grave’s disease an autoimmune disorder involving over production of thyroid hormones triidiothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). In the United States it is the most common form of hyperthyroidism. The over taxed organ then becomes enlarged (goiter). This case study report will discuss the clinical progression and presentation of this disease, define and describe what an autoimmune disorder is, outline what clinical testing is performed for proper diagnosis

The Writ of Habeas Corpus and War on Terror in the United...

Habeas Corpus Context War Terror 1. The general meaning of the right of habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution and its relationship to the protection of other civil liberties. Blackstone said that the writ of habeas corpus is the most celebrated and venerated of the English law. The US constitution therefore carried this important aspect and thus federal courts were authorized to issue writs of habeas corpus in all cases where a person may be restrained of his or her liberty in violation of the constitution, or any treaty or law of the United States. Chemerinsky (1987) in a detailed study of the operation of the writ of Habeas Corpus says that there are four major considerations in the issue related to the writ. There is the need to consider the separation of powers--the operation of the criminal justice system, the national litigations involved, and the scope of federalism. All these are affected by the changes in the abrogation of the fundamental right, and rule of law. (Chemerinsky, 1987) It is stated that conservatives view the writ as a means of escaping confinements by the guilty. It is noteworthy that the habeas corpus as a remedy existed in the former colonies even before the US was born. When the drafters of the constitution included the provision they fully well knew that the constitutional rights would have no meaning unless there was a provision of seeking relief from unjust detention. The congress must therefore be restricted in abridging the provision ofShow MoreRelatedThe Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Introduction September 11, 2001 changed the United States forever. This disastrous attack on the Pentagon and the twin towers at the World Trade Center destroyed the lives of thousands of people. Over 3,000 people were killed, including hundreds or firefighters and policemen, many of which were never found. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Arab nations. The war on terror declared by the Bush Administration, had become one of the mostRead MoreThe Right Of Habeas Corpus1531 Words   |  7 Pages The war on terror seems to be a never ending story, especially with the current events such as the beheading of two Americans by the terrorist group ISIS. These are barbaric people,whom have no regards for human life, and they need to be stopped.Which brings me to the issue of habeas corpus, and the rights or civil liberties of detainees who have been deemed enemy combatants. To understand the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror, you must first understand the historical evolutionRead MoreHabeas Corpus And The War On Terror1072 Words   |  5 PagesTo understand Habeas Corpus and how it has played its part in the war on terror, a look at what it is and how it started should be looked at. Habeas Corpus, (â€Å"you should have the body†), is an old legal procedure that protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment. It is issued by a judge and does not determine whether the individual is guilty or innocent, but whether they are illegally impriso ned. If the charges are considered valid, the individual will go to trial, if not, the personRead MoreThe United States1941 Words   |  8 Pagesshows good will in changing this situation. In the United States, habeas corpus became a legal act after the country established its independence. The request for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus is made before a judge and, if granted, a prisoner must be brought before the judge. For instance, it is known that Abraham Lincoln detained people known for being Confederate spies without proving their guilt. The concept of the writ of habeas corpus will be a bridge between the study of the ConstitutionalRead MoreLife Changing Events Happened From New York City2030 Words   |  9 Pagesand debris. The news reporters told of the gripping story of how terror had struck the very hearts of the American people. Our President, George W. Bush gave clear and concise demands to the events within a few days following the horrible attacks on the Twin Towers. The demands that later led to new ACT’s being passed by Congress, would have a drastic change to what we call Civil Liberties. By definition Civil Liberties is the state of being subjected only to laws that are established for the goodRead MoreHow Should We Treat Non American Prisoners1274 Words   |  6 PagesNon-American Prisoners in American Prisons The war on terror has changed how our country sees many things from travel, privacy rights, security levels and a person’s right to due process. The rights of accused terrorists have been stripped due to the need for intelligence on future attacks as well as locations and persons involved in the larger group. How does this loss of personal rights reflect on our country and the fundamentals it was founded on? Habeas corpus refers to the right to get direct accessRead MoreThe Habeas Corpus Law in the US1416 Words   |  6 Pages Habeas Corpus U.S. Introduction Many may not know this but following his inauguration, President Obama did put in some orders to basically just shut down the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay within one year. However, about two years later, nevertheless, Obamas plan to close Guantanamo is in disasters. In excess of 180 prisoners that still remain at Guantanamo, and new legislation is making it tremendously problematic to transfer extra prisoners from the naval base. Defense Secretary Robert GatesRead MorePOL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror36705 Words   |  147 PagesLiberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror http://homeworkmonster.com/downloads/pol-201-week-5-final-paper-civil-liberties-habeas-corpus-war-terror/ POL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror The final assignment for this course is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is to give you an opportunity to apply much of what you have learned about American national government to an examination of civil liberties in the context of the war on terror. The FinalRead MoreTaking a Look at Writs of Habeas Corpus 1615 Words   |  7 Pagesidentity. The response of the Bush Administration was to launch a full-scale military operation against terrorist entities, in particular Al Qaeda and their foreign supporters. This series of operations, became what was to be known as the â€Å"Global War on Terror†. Subsequently, the invasion of Afghanistan and other military operations resulted in the capture of high value targets with known connections to terrorist organizations. While these events this had dramatic ramifications on geo-political landscapeRead MoreCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror979 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Pol 201 American National Government Instructor: Gregory Di Cerbo September 20, 2012 Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror 2 Since September 11, 2001, and the United States invaded Afghanistan

The Gap Model in the Hotel Industry free essay sample

Introduction Due to the fact that the customers are continuously changing and become more sophisticated, marketers have to adapt and keep up with the change. The demand for higher standards of services makes it difficult for the service providers to determine and control their services efficiently. The key is to understand the importance of the services provided and to allocate more attention in the attributes and dimensions that improves the quality of the service and gives the company a competitive advantage. Quality in services Competitive advantage can be achieved through service quality. Quality differentiates between strong and weak competitors (Sachdev, 2004). In service more than in manufacturing quality plays an important role. Service quality is seen in light of customer service management. Companies in the service sector are focusing more and more on service quality due to the increase competition coming from the constant emerging private sector, latest technological improvements and higher customer emancipation and requirements (Sachedev, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on The Gap Model in the Hotel Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to adapt to the current market situation private players make extensive use of technology in form of websites, e-mails, on line advertisements and call centers. This helps them have a more direct and easily access to the customer, thus decreasing the respond time. However, the down turn of this is that customers start becoming more demanding by making quick comparison between companies (Sharma, 2002). Customers demand higher quality standards and immediate access (Mittal, et al. , 2004). This puts high pressure on companies to maintain and continuously improve the service quality. Service quality can be explained in light of validity and reliability, response time, empathy with customers, and communication skills. High standard of service quality leads to lower costs, higher customer satisfaction, higher customer loyalty, and overall organizational profitability (Nalini and Samuel, 2011). Service quality measurement Quality measurement is divided into two approaches: internal and external. Each perspective has a different assumption and measure. The internal perspective defines quality as zero defects. In other words, the service has to be defect free and excellent from the start (Russell and Taylor, 2009). On the other hand the external perspective on service quality is defined in terms of customer perception, expectation, and satisfaction. Customer plays an important dictating the level of service quality. Moreover, customers have different needs, thus different expectations. This leads to the concept of ‘fitness for use’. In other words, the service needs to be according to what the customer expects it to be (Russell and Taylor, 2009). This level of quality should not be mistaken with the notion of perfect service. Services should be designed with varying quality levels in order to accommodate the expectations of different customer’s expectations. Evans and Lindsay (1996 as cited in Russell and Taylor, 2009) identified seven dimensions that should be taken into account when looking at service quality: time, completeness, courtesy, consistency, convenience, accuracy, and responsiveness. Timeliness is pivotal factor in service quality. It refers to the amount of time customer has to wait for a service. The aim here is to shrink as much of possible this amount of time. Completeness refers to the final service and if this is in line with the customer expectation. Courtesy refers to the way the customers are being treated. For example if the voice of a phone operator is pleasant and if he/she has a pleasant attitude. Consistency refers to similar services offered to all customers. Accessibility and convenience refers to the easiness of achieving the desired service. Accuracy refers to the correct nature of the service. For example, if a bank provides correct statements all the month to all customers. Responsiveness emphasizes on the ability of the employee to cope and efficiently resolve unexpected or difficult situations. For example, how fast can an employee answer a customer’s question that is not in the manual(1996 as cited in Russell and Taylor, 2009). The best way to improve quality is to identify and prevent future possible problems. Luckily, literature presents a large number of tools to use in quality improvement. This includes but is not limited to process flow charts, fishbone diagrams, check sheets and statistical analysis ( Kheng, et al. , 2010). Customer satisfaction As mentioned earlier the main aim of service quality is to achieve customer satisfaction. The reason behind it is that satisfied customers are less likely change services. High customer satisfaction creates an emotional bond between customer and service provider. Studies regarding customer satisfaction in services and the need of the companies to improve their offerings based on consumer’s expectations begun in the early 1980 ( Lien, et al. , 2008). It was discovered that by improving the quality of the services provided, a company can achieve easier customer satisfaction and possibly in the long run customer loyalty. Customer service and communication is extremely important when trying to form relationship and ultimately to create loyalty. It can also bring positive word of mouth, improve profitability, and influence the buying decision (Bailor, 2006). Due to the fact that services are intangible, promotion becomes more difficult. Customers cannot easily express their requirements and a gap between what customers expect from services and what they actually receive can be easily created. Based on this, there are three scenarios that can take place: service quality less than satisfactory, service quality more than satisfactory and service quality being satisfactory. The first situation occurs when the provided service is less than what was expected. This will move towards a totally intolerable quality having a huge inconsistency between the expected and the offering. The second scenario takes place when the provided service over exceeds the expected. This will shift towards an ideal service with an increased positive attitude. Moreover, the third setting occur arise when the perceived service is equal with the one provided (Naik, et al. , 2010). A service conducted by the British Quality Foundation (2006) found that it is more costly to attract new customers than to retain the existing ones. A high percentage of unsatisfied customers (98%) decided not to make formal complaints out of which 91% do not use the specific company’s services again. However, from the customers that do complain a high majority will use the services again if the complaints are answered promptly and with a good attitude provided by the staff. An important aspect in customer satisfaction is the measures used to quantify it. It is difficult to improve something and to acknowledge its problems if you do not know how to measure it. An initial way of measuring customer satisfaction is to give customer a voice (Joseph, et al. 2003). Most of the time identifying ways of measuring customer satisfaction is easier in theory than in practice. The company needs to have a well deigned measurement scheme, either in terms of surveys and questionnaires, structured interviews, focus groups or a mixed model approach (Mont and Plepys, 2003 ). Similar to all measurements the data needs to be collected from the customers, analyzed by the specific marketing department and be used for the improvement of the service quality. A large amount of companies choose to use external consulting companies to gather such data. For example, Motorola has an annual contract with a private company to conduct surveys of their customers around the world (Russell and Taylor, 2009). The largest used index in the United States in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). The measurement gathers information from both manufacture and service sector from 39 industries using more than 200 companies annually. The company’s score is translated in a number on a scale from 1 to 100, with 1 having some very unsatisfied customers and 100 being the companies with the most satisfied customers in the world. In 2006 Amazon received a score of 37, which was the highest score ever received in the service industry (ACSI, 2011). This leads us to believe that a perfect score of 100 is an abstract concept quantifying perfection that until now was not achieved by any company in the service sector. Customer Loyalty One of the most erroneous ideas in marketing is that customer satisfaction directly leads to customer loyalty (Griffin, 2002). Managers wrongly assume that customer satisfaction creates a bond between the service provider and client that intern translates into loyalty. For example, in a study conducted by a software company, the authors found that even though their customer satisfaction was high, a high majority of satisfied customers moved to a competitor due to the grater value for money. However, a possible explanation of the gap between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty could be the measure used to asses’ customer satisfaction. A qualitative approach that is widely used in marketing research comes with a set of limitations given by the subjective interpretation of the interviews, the interviewer’s experience and expectations, as well as the perceived expectations of the customers. Thus, it could be argued that the gap between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty is not as big in reality as it appears (Griffin, 2002). Another misconception that the companies make is that they lack understanding of what constitutes customer retention and customer loyalty. Customer retention is simply put, a customer who made use of the service a number of times. Such clients can easily from one service provider to another. On the other hand, customer loyalty refers to the tight relation between service provider and the client. This can explain why market share expansion does not translate into more customer loyalty. When a company expands it tends to diversify its practices and thus it’s a high possibility that you will lose the close relationship with its customers (Thompson, 2005). The GAP Model In order for the companies to quantify better their services the gap model was developed. This model implies finding out the actual or perceived gaps between what customers are expecting and their perception of the services offered. Another use of the gaps is for the management to improve the services offered and become more aware of what customers are expecting to be delivered. For this matter, four gaps were exposed. The first gap is also known as the knowledge gap and its represent the differences in managing knowledge and their real expectations. This gap is caused by erroneous information in the marketing research, lack of feedback between the company and the customers, too many layers in the management, unsatisfactory relationship focus and inadequate service recovery. The second gap is also known for the lack in selecting designs and standards. This is the result of poor service design, nonexistence of customer driven standards, bad management planning and lack of clearly setting goals in the organization. The third gap involves not delivering to the right services standard. It implies deficiencies in human resource police, problems with service mediators, failure to match supply and demand and customers who negatively impact each other. Finally, the fourth gap is the communication gap that arises when there is a difference between the service delivered and the one excepted. The gap is the result of overpromising services, ineffective management of customer’s expectations, absence of strong internal marketing program and lack of coordination between traditional marketing and procedures (see appendix 1). Identification of GAPS in Marriott Hotels Marriott Hotel was chosen in order to apply the gap model for the hotel industry. Customer reviews about the hotel were examined in order to identify the gaps in the service. After secondary research it was discovered that this particular hotel experiences all the four gaps. Te first Gap was encountered when a customer was complaining about the poor service the hotel has. Firstly, the client suggested that special care was necessary due to a 14 months old child that was accommodated in the room. However, dangerous objects were left in the room and also a space that as in construction was disturbing the family on the entire accommodation period. Even though complains were made, the management did not pay attention to the customer’s needs (see appendix 2). This clearly suggests that the company fails in making amends when things go wrong and that the service recovery it is inadequate. The second Gap was met when a customer’s priva cy was dishonored by the staff in the hotel. After placing a ‘Do not disturb’ sign on the door, the client suggested that after the cleaning services staff entered the room some cosmetic products disappeared (see appendix 3). This implies the fact that there is an absence of process management to focus on customer requirements and also that there is a lack of customer driven service standards. The third Gap in Marriott services was encountered when an employee was complaining about the inappropriate working conditions offered (see appendix 4). This suggests the fact that there is an unsuitable evolution and compensation systems, lack of empowerment and perceived control over teamwork. The fourth Gap was met due to the over promising services regarding a special support for people with disabilities. Regardless of the fact that Marriott established a foundation for people with disabilities (CSR, 2008), a customer was complaining about the fact that he was asking for a special room that was not provided for him (see appendix 5). Solutions for closing the GAPS Since there were encountered so many problems in delivering the services in Marriott hotels, the upper management should take into consideration the complaints done by the customers in order to improve their overall activity. First of all, in order to close the first Gap as much as possible they should try to pay more attention to the customer’s wants and needs. They have to be ready to find an immediate solution for the problems that arise in order to satisfy them. A deeper relationship has to be created in order to improve the communication between the company and the clientele. The closing of the second Gap can be possible only by designing a better service and customer-driven standards. They should pay more attention to respecting the customers and also their privacy. New rules and regulations for the staff have to be clearly settled from the upper management. The third gap can be reduced by setting some normal standards of working environment that keep the employees safe. The human resource policies have to be redesigned. By keeping the employees happy, the level of customer satisfaction grows, due to the better service delivering. Since customers appreciate all the time honesty and openness, the company should pay more attention to keeping their promises when delivering their services. In this particular case the fact that the company has a foundation, makes it more important to support their promises. Discussion After this study was conducted some very important issues regarding the delivering of services in Marriott Hotels were encountered. However, the secondary research conducted based on forums and chartrooms is not very reliable. All the people that uttered their experiences can be seen as very subjective due to the fact that the reviews are not academicals. Moreover, one can think of the fact that the answers came from the competition that was trying to give a bad reputation to the hotel. Nevertheless, this was the only way of finding out what people experienced regarding the services offered at the hotel. Key Points Learned †¢ Understanding of the service industry †¢ Each customer having a unique perspective on the services provided †¢ Application of marketing theory in services †¢ Understanding service quality †¢ An in-depth understanding of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty †¢ Understanding of The Gap Model †¢ Application of this model in real life situations Conclusion Achieving customer satisfaction is one the most important assets that a service company can have. However, this is a very difficult thing to do especially nowadays when the consumers are so demanding. Nonetheless, the marketing tools can be always helpful in trying to see the needs and the wants of the customers. The only most important thing for the companies is to know how to take advantage of this and continuously improve their services. References †¢ ACSI, (2011) About The American Customer Satisfaction Index. [online] available from http://www. theacsi. org/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=49Itemid=111 [accessed on 12. 05. 2011]. †¢ Bailor, J. , (2006) Understanding Consumers, Gaining Loyalty in Return. Sales and Marketing Management, 158(2), 30-45. British Quality Foundation, (2006) Back to basics. Quality World, 32(5), 37. †¢ Complaints Official Website, (2011) [online] available from http://www. complaintsboard. com/complaints/treatment-of-employees-c416000. html [accesed on 10. 05. 2011 ] †¢ Consumer Affairs Official Website, (2010) [online] available from http://www. consumeraffairs. com/travel/marriott. html [accessed on 10. 05. 2011] â⠂¬ ¢ CSR Official Website, (2008) Marriott Foundation for People with Disabilities names Shelby Hill, Program Director of Washington, D. C. [online] available from http://www. srwire. com/press_releases/25254-Marriott-Foundation-for-People-with-Disabilities-names-Shelby-Hill-Program-Director-of-Washington-D-C- [accessed on 10. 05. 2011] †¢ Griffin, J. , (2002). A closer look at loyalty . In: Bass,J. Customer Loyalty: How to keep it how to earn it. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Wiley. †¢ Joseph, M. , et al. , (2003) Using the Importance Performance Grid to Evaluate International Student Perceptions of Service Quality in Education: an Investigation from an Australian College Perspective. Journal of Advancement of Marketing Education, 3, 11-22. Kheng, L. L. et al. , (2010) The Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty: A study of Banks in Penang, Malaysia. International Journal of Marketing Studies,2(2), 57-65. †¢ Lien, N. H. , et al. , (2008) The Effects of Service Quality Dimensions on Customer Satisfaction Across Different Service Types: Alternative Differentiation As a Moderator. Advances in Consumer Research, 35, 552-560. †¢ Mittal, V. , et al. , (2004) Geographic Patterns in Customer Service and Satisfaction: an Empirical Investigation. Journal of Marketing, 68(7), 48-62. †¢ Mont, O. and Plepys, A. (2003) Customer Satisfaction: Review of Literature and Application to the Product-Service Systems. International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, 3(28), 10-23. †¢ Naik, C. N. , et al. , (2010) Service Quality and its Effect on Consumer Satisfaction in Retailing. European Journal of Social Sciences, 16(2), 231-240. †¢ Nalini, H. M. and Samuel, S. , (2011) Importance- Performance Analysis to determine Service Quality of a Restaurant Service- An Empirical Study. Advances in Management, 4(2), 52-57. †¢ Parasuraman, A. , Zeithaml, V. A. Berry, L. L. (1985) A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research. Journal of Marketing, 49(4), 41-50. †¢ Russell, A. and Taylor, B. , (2009). Operations Management Along the Supply Chain. 6th ed. Asia: Wiley. 53-70. †¢ Sachdev, S. B. and Verma, H. V. , (2004) Relative Importance of Service Quality Dimensions: A Multisectoral study. Journal of Services Research, 4(1), 94-100. †¢ Sharma, S. , (2002) Changing face of life insurance in India. Insurance Chronical, 12, 24-27. †¢ Thompson, B. , (2005) The Loyalty Connection: Secrets to Customer Retention and Increased Profits. Right Now Technologies, 3, 5-14. Appendix Appendix1- The Gap model (Presurama,1985) [pic] Appendix 2 – The first Gap (Complaints Website, 2011) Poor customer service Complaint Rating: [pic] Company information: Marriott Switzerland Where to start: I have never made a complaint in 35 years of and in the last 15 years of traveling 40% of the time for my job, but I need to do so now. I am currently in the Marriott in Zurich paying 640CHF (642USD) per night for a premium room (not a suite, but slightly larger than the standard room). To start off we came to the hotel and were given the keys and only then were told there would be some construction in the hotel. We asked why we were told just then and not when booking and received no reply. We asked about another room further from construction because we have 14month child and she needs to take naps during the day and they could not come up with a better room. I or my husband make over 30 nights in Marriott hotels per year because we can get a free night here or there for vacations using the points. Well to begin with the room was very cramped. I went to order room service and the cheapest item on the menu was the 36USD burger. The cheapest item on the kids menu was a small portion of spagetti for 19USD. So to begin with it was a very expensive week say, and the construction was not some construction as described, but it was a jackhammer being used in the room next to our room. The hallway was a mess with construction materials and hotel items like buckets, mops and all sorts of things I didnt want my child touching. I complained the 3rd day after 3 hours of non stop jack hammering and a piercing headache because my child was terrified and cranky since she could not get any sleep so she screamed at the top of her lungs for 3 straight hours. I called Myriam at the at your service desk and she kept repeating that she could not hear me and asked me to repeat myself at least 20times because of all the noise inside my room from the construction, the baby crying and my loud voice from trying to talk over it all. She finally kept repeating that there was a note in my room that neither my husband or I saw that stated that there would be construction until 630 everyday and with no end date. She never acknowledged my pleas for asprin and never offered me another room or an appology. She did after the second call offer free food for lunch at one of their restruants. Finally, I took the baby downstairs and demanded that they move me to another room. Another person helped, but promised asprin and did not deliver it for another 1. 5 hours and the move of the items from one room to the other took several hours and they just threw the bags and boxes of stuff that had been neatly folded in drawers in the room. This after spending 350USD on laundering and drycleaning the day before. Finally to sum it all up the free dinner that was offered was just put on my bill and they never paid for it. It came to another 100USD that I would have never spent in this horrible hotel if I had known that it would be charged to me. Needless to say I am going to put the whole ordeal on utube and let the public decide if they would ever stay in a horrible place like this. Fair warning. Appendix 3- The second Gap (Consumer Affairs, 2010) I wanted to have privacy and left DO NOT DISTURB LABEL on the door of my room before I went out in the city. Unfortunatelly when I came back later this day, the LABLE DO NOT DISTURB was gone, MY PRIVACY WAS VIOLATED,my room was cleaned and MY PERSONAL BELONGINGS (DESIGNER COSMETIC PRODUCTS) were gone as well. These cosmetic products (Clarins Paris Rouge Prodige 130, Clarins Paris Baume Couleur Levres Lip Balm, Clinique Powedr makeup, Lancome Ombre absolue, Clarins Baume Beaute Eclair le Visage, Clarins Capital Lumiere Jour were in other possession for several hours and for hygiene reasons are not possible to be used by me. Not to mention the disappointment of the violation of my privacy. J. of San Francisco, CA Dec. 26, 2010 Appendix 4- The third Gap (Consumer Complaints, 2011) Treatment of Employees Complaint Rating: [pic] Company information: Marriott International Medford, Massachusetts United States My spouse is a Marriott employee and currently works at their new regional sales office called the ONE office in New England. Its currently a blizzard outside and has been since late yesterday afternoon. Although many of the higher up employees have chosen to take paid time off to stay home, they are forcing their employees to go into work in hazardous and extremely dangerous conditions (to give you an idea: there have been over a dozen accidents already this morning on just my spouses route to work). Throughout the day we are supposed to receive more than 24-36 inches of snow and somehow the head of this office believes its safe to send their employees in. This has been a continuous tune this winter since the weather has started to become tumultuous. We are getting hit with multiple feet of snow, ice and hail at least once a week and Marriott has only closed their office but once. They are so concerned with not paying additional costs to shut down the office, they are dying to let their employees take the already banked paid time off. But then, how can their employees matter to them? They are putting their lives at risk as well as the lives of anyone else who is on the road to work today. What about the families of their employees? They claim to be based on family values and a family company but yet they may very well be stealing the life of someone precious from their family today by sheer fate of an accident. My spouse has loved working for Marriott but I have completely jumped off that bandwagon and am encouraging my spouse to wholeheartidly pursue outside the company. Any company that would put their employees lives at risk to save a dime should be sued for negligence and believe me when I saw, I will be the first to bring suit if anything happens to my spouse because of their inhumane need to save a penny. My advice: NEVER work for Marriott! Your life is at risk! Appendix 5. The fourth Gap (Consumer Affair, 2010) GAP 4 disabilities

Military Psychology Essay Example

Military Psychology Essay Military psychology is a broad market of psychology in which virtually any and all subfields of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the needs or desires of military planners and strategists. Reasons for their application may be immediate or sustained. The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either enemy or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally. By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitude to the battlefield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition through the variably sustained or ineffective post-combat programs for troubled veterans. Conditions like shell shock and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have figured prominently in the development of military therapy programs. Strategically, intelligence and personality testing have been applied to placement exams for prospective military recruits. The events of World War I had a formative effect on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, giving the nascent field crucial legitimacy. Co-founder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr. Charles Myers, was selected as the primary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Military Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Military Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Military Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elite recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for their inability and perceived unwillingness to perform in battle. Coining the term shell shock, he engraved an enduring term into historical consciousness that defines the apparent psychological damage inflicted by war. The term today is the most recognizable in defining so-called combat stress reactions (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war. Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by devising standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the names Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests analyzed recruits ability to draw analogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic, among other tests, in order to judge their intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The dramatic rise in recruits with World War II provoked a massive effort to streamline draftees. Based on the experiences beginning with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive effort analyzed roughly 800,000 new soldiers every year during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the development of organizational and industrial psychology. The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a similarly organized recruitment and placement model. The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the evolution of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, and laid the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011. The uncertainty and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder. The support system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is notorious in American culture and often criticized. Many argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak after the Vietnam War. A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, and advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called psychological warfare. Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology, and guided philosophy in making decisions about war. This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesitation and amb iguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less reluctant to use force to accomplish a mission. Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting social conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains. Military psychology is a broad area of psychology where the lessons of personality, organizational and abnormal psychology among others are applied to the needs or desires of military planners and strategists. Reasons for their application may be immediate or sustained. The application of psychological research or theory to the military can be used to analyze either enemy or friendly forces, exemplified by perfecting an attack on an enemy or strengthening the weakness of an ally. By extension, military psychology could be used to examine the differences in attitudes to the battlefield in terms of philosophy and execution of operations. The field has developed its greatest recognition through the variably sustained or ineffective post-combat programs for troubled veterans. Conditions like shell shock and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have figured prominently in the development of military therapy programs. Strategically, intelligence and personality testing have been applied to placement exams for perspective military recruits. The events of World War I had a formative effect on the application of psychology to the realities of the battlefield, giving the nascent field crucial legitimacy. Cofounder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Dr. Charles Myers, was selected as the primary advisor on psychological matters to the British armies in France during the war. His work is considered foundational and he himself describes in statements that it was a frustrating endeavor to have British military elite recognize the legitimacy of his claims that soldiers deserved psychological consideration for their inability and perceived unwillingness to perform in battle. Coining the term shell shock, he engraved an enduring term into historical consciousness that defines the apparent psychological damage inflicted by war. The term today is the most recognizable in defining so-called combat stress reactions (CSRs) which entail extreme battle fatigue and subsequent poor performance in war. Simultaneously, American psychologist Robert Yerkes initiated widespread intelligence and aptitude testing in the American military by devising standard intelligence tests for literate and illiterate recruits, given the renown Army Alpha and Army Beta tests respectively. The tests analyzed recruits ability to draw nalogies, recognize patterns and perform arithmetic among other tests in a way to judge ones intelligence regardless of their formal educational backgrounds. The dramatic rise in recruits with World War II provoked a massive effort to streamline draftees. Based on the experiences beginning with World War I testing, several committees and divisions were created devoted to evaluation and placement on a psychological basis. The massive effort analyzed roughly 800,000 new soldiers every year during World War II, having a tremendous influence on the development of organizational and industrial psychology. The systemic methodology played well into the 1950s as veterans returned to the workforce or advanced their own businesses on a similarly organized recruitment and placement model. The tests, developed in conjunction with the Committee on Classification of Military Personnel, constituted the next stage in the evolution of American military aptitude tests. They replaced the earlier Alpha and Beta tests, plus laid the foundations for the standard ASVAB test used by the American armed forces as of 2011. The uncertainty and anxiety of the Vietnamese theater gave rise to new levels of battle-induced psychological problems, most prominently in post-traumatic stress disorder. The support system for American veterans, particularly sufferers of this condition, is notorious in American culture and often criticized. Many argue the American military has demonstrated it has learned the appropriate lessons from the mismanagement of the PTSD outbreak after the Vietnam War. A stronger cultural support structure for returning American veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is thought to have displaced cultural hostility, plus advances in clinical psychology have been referenced. The use of psychology to intimidate or analyze the weaknesses of an enemy has been called psychological warfare. Additionally, practical applications like individual profiling and organizational psychology techniques have devised studies on enemy commanders, even their methodology and guiding philosophy in making decisions about war. This application has been applied with equal vigor to perceived allies, such as comparative analyses between American and NATO military commands. Hesitation and ambiguity have been pointed to as crucial weaknesses in European military culture, whereas American commanders have been cited as quicker and less reluctant to use force to accomplish a mission. Simultaneously, American commanders have been criticized for institutionalizing a tendency to diminish the importance of the aftermath of military operations and the threat the resulting social conditions may constitute against consolidating military gains.

Multiple Submissions of Freelance Material

Multiple Submissions of Freelance Material A reader asked me to address this topic. She had an article to query to publications and didnt want to wait for one answer at a time. Could she pitch to several markets at once, she asked. The answer isnt a simple Yes or No. Its actually Yes AND No. And I have my own personal anecdote for this lesson. Back in my earlier freelance days, I proposed articles on writers and grants to Writers Digest as well as The Writer. Each was a unique pitch, written differently, but on the same subject. Id just gone full time  as a freelancer and knew the odds of both nationally-recognized magazines accepting my pieces was slim to none. One of the publications accepted within a month but never stated when the story would come out. The other didnt get in touch for almost a year but told me when the article would appear. They both came out in the same month. I received a contributors copy feeling completely ecstatic. Then I opened the other envelope in the mail and saw where the other publication sent me their contributors copy. The thrill of opening one was replaced with dread and despair. Sure enough, one of the editors contacted me seething. The other never said a word. I was afraid to pitch either of them for years. When is it okay to pitch the same article to different publications? 1) When the publications are not in a competing market OR 2) When you mention in the query that you have also pitched the piece elsewhere. For instance, if you pitch a story on how to maintain grass in a cemetery (yes, I actually published that piece), it can be simultaneously pitched to a turfgrass magazine and a genealogy magazine since they are not competing publications. However, when one accepts, it behooves you to let the other know. Sure, they may kill your piece, but you dont want to burn the bridge to future gigs. Even if you write completely different articles, if they are about the same topic consider them too similar to pitch to competing markets, but understand that noncompeting markets may not care, with both accepting your piece. And while were talking freelancing, I want to mention a remarkable guide book on becoming a freelance writer.  Writers Digest Guide to Magazine Article Writing  is your practical guide to selling pitches, crafting strong articles, and earning more I stand solidly behind  this book, written

Power, Authority and Force are Distinct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Power, Authority and Force are Distinct - Essay Example Power, authority and force are three different aspects of an individual’s or society’s life. In a country, it is the government that is the sole authority and has the power to make decisions for the social welfare and wellbeing of the people. However, despite such power, the government cannot force or impose rules upon people if they do not wish to follow them and thus, there has to be some room left for liberal thinking or allowing the will of the people to persist. Power thus is the ability to get work done because of leadership skills; it is the capacity that a person may have in order to perform some work or carry out an action in an effective manner. Authority on the other hand is the supremacy or command that a person or a body has, to make decisions. Finally, force is the manner in which a person may impose upon another or coerce another in order to do something or carry out an action. In this manner, these three terms are distinct and will be discussed with vari ous examples during the course of this essay. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) All over the world, all the time, there are various examples of these three terms being combined and used in the same situation; where there is authority, there is power being wielded because only an authority on some matter has not only the full right but also the ability to exercise something; and sometimes, this exercising of power by an authority might turn out to be forceful upon a group of people that do not wish to follow it. Power is the ability to influence the outcome of events. It could be both correctly as well as incorrectly used and the incorrect use of power would lead to coercion or force upon people. Authority on the other hand is a very subjective term because it is bestowed upon people that seemingly do well in their respective fields; people who may be deemed fit in order to carry out a certain task. (Jovial Bard) For example, the president of the country is rightfully elected as the autho rity to carry out certain powers but they are not forced or imposed upon people. However, in some cases, like in countries where there are monarchs or countries like China that are completely republican in nature, the power wielded by the authority is forced upon the individuals and they have no choice but to follow the same. There are various views on this very subject; taking into account the reign of Saddam Hussein, the despotic leader, it may be understood that he assumed authority without commanding respect for the same. Thus, in the eyes of the rest of the world, especially the United States of America, he was deemed to be an illegitimate leader, who just assumed an authoritarian position. He had access to weapons of mass destruction which he threatened people all over the world with and thus this was an application of force on his part because of the high power that he held as the president of a country, as he imposed fear among the citizens and led them to a very terrifying and horrific way of life. (Bowen, D) Over the years, nonetheless, the power that the United States has over the rest of the world has been growing; especially because after the 9/11 attacks, the entire world held sympathy for the country and thus supported it with all their might. However, as the US has been

Organization Theory, Design And Structure; Ethical Leadership And Assignment

Organization Theory, Design And Structure; Ethical Leadership And Communication - Assignment Example Melvina here is required to change the figures of the number of animal deaths owing to exposure to the drug to less than 10 percent in order to help the development and commercialization process of the new cancer drug. Her making alterations to the figures stated in the report would help the drug move to the last testing stage in regards to human beings thus promoting its steady launch in the market. In here if Melvina obliges to listen to her superior’s advice in altering the figures pertaining to death of animals in regards to their exposure to the drugs then certainly she would help her company gain a strategic stand in launching the medicine. However, Melvina’s obligation to meet the needs of the company exposes human beings to a greater risk for drugs that happen to be fatal to animals also would render a large amount of harm on humans. Again her obligation to her superior’s words would also happen to invite greater risk to the company for at a later stage the company and she also might fall into serious trouble. Thus the plan of action that can be taken in this case in regards to Melvina is to make her superior understand the emerging risks tied to the sanctioning of the plan through adulterated means. This activity would help in creating awareness of the management body as to the potential risks involved in regards to the drug plan, which would have ev entually triggered dropping the decision taken. The Potent Stakeholders to the Decision The above case reflects that the human beings are being subjected to malicious and wrong information which in turn may prove detrimental to the well being and healthy lives of the community. Thus in the interest of global mankind, Melvina should consider the first right objective of paying heed to her superior when fulfilling the first right would tantamount to depriving the human race and cancer inflicted people of a better and healthy future. The Defining Moment The above analysis reflects that Melvina tends to convey a message where she does not like to meet the demands of her superior in manipulating the figures related to the number of deaths of the animals exposed to the drugs. Through such non-compliance to her superior’s requirement she intends to protect the interests of both the company and the human race in particular. However in regards to the company it tends to convey the mes sage of gaining a way out in whatever fashion possible for letting the drug gain due acceptance in the consumer market of the region. Thus the manager advices Melvina to take resort of adulterated means to change the figures abruptly and thereby help in strategizing the launching process of the drug. Chances and Hard Decisions In here, Melvina can take chances in obliging by her superior’s decisions in rightly adulterating the numbers in the report and thereby taking first chances in inviting health and fatal risks in regards to humanity and secondly in taking hard decisions knowingly. However, Melvina can also take chances in not obliging by the decisions of her superior and thereby creating risks in regards to her position and employment in the company. Again such decision needs to be taken on a hard stand for it would tantamount to non-compliance of her to the needs of her concern. Analysis based on Three Tests The Newspaper Test Here if the decision of the management team of the pharmaceutical company in regards to the passing of the

Describe a paint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe a paint - Essay Example ‘The Rock’ was completed in 1948 by Blume which is approximately 3 years from WWII. The war had a far reaching influence on people. The devastations, bombings and violations during the war and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were tremendously offensive for the people. The effects of the war remained on people’s mind for a long period, even when they came across to ‘the rock’ in 1950. The title gave a view to the people that human beings are persistent on living in the world even after the devastating effects of atomic bombings and extreme violence that they faced. It also implied the Earth’s continued existence even after the cruel and brutal acts of the human beings. The human beings are portrayed to be struggling despite of the devastations and conditions around them. This work clearly condemns the negative use of technology. The painting shows destruction and construction at the same time. The destroyed building implies the effe cts of the war which led to destruction of many house and even countries. The men and women struggling to reconstruct or mitigate the losses give a new hope to the people. The smoke moving towards the building which is not constructed yet also guides towards the hope of reconstruction after destruction, however, with some effects to continue with it.

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the UK. Section 2 (2)9 provides for the making of delegated legislation in order to implement EU obligations10 . Furthermore, section 2 (4) states that ‘†¦.any enactment passed or to be passed, other than one to be contained in this part of this act shall be construed and have effect subject to the foregoing provisions of this section’.11 This section requires EU law to have primacy over existing and future domestic legislation. This gives effect to the doctrine of the supremacy of EU law. As a consequence of the rule in Section 2 (4) all primary legislation enacted by Parliament was to be interpreted by all courts according the EU law requirements. This obliges the courts to disregard legislation which is inconsistent with EU law. The case of Costa v ENEL12 introduced the doctrine of supremacy. In this case, the European Court of Justice confirmed that community law prevails over any national law of member states that is incompatible with it. In this case it was said: ‘By contrast with ordinary treaties, the E.E.C Treaty has created its own legal system which on entry into force of the treaty becomes an integral part of the legal systems of the member states and which their courts are bound to apply’. In the key case of Factortame (No 2)13, The House of Lords accepted the supremacy of EU law in 1991 and gave effect to Community law that was incompatible with an Act of Parliament. In this case, UK legislation violated community rights concerning discrimination and the free movement of workers. The House of Lords were in a position where they had to choose whether to apply an Act of Parliament or community law. As a result the House of Lords held the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 as invalid as it was in direct conflict ... ...membership of the European Union has undoubtedly limited Parliament’s power of supremacy as it prevails over any national law that is in conflict 14 Vauxhall Estate Ltd v Liverpool Corporation [1932] DC 15 Constitutional and Administrative law, Alex Carroll, 7th edition, 2013, Pearson Education Limited p.95 16 Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 17 Constitutional and Administrative law, Alex Carroll, 7th edition, 2013, Pearson Education Limited p.60 4Constitutional and Administrative law 153642 with it. The UK Parliament is still able to withdraw the UK from the membership of the European Union because it was a voluntary act for the UK to join the EU’s legal order. However no longer is domestic law the only law applicable in the UK, times have changed and it is clear that the membership of the European Union has weakened Parliamentary supremacy.

The Use of Mixed Narrative in Anthills of the Savannah

Explore the uses and effects of mixed narrative in Anthills of the Savannah By Emmanuel Sunil Anthills of the Savannah is set in the fictitious West African country of Kangan, a country which has been overrun with political instability ever since becoming an independent state from British rule. The novel centers on the lives of three civil servants, Christopher Oriko, Ikem Osodi and Beatrice Naynibuife, and all three serve three separate narrative voices in the novel, each sharing his or her own point of view. This provides the reader with a 360 degree picture of the situation by offering multiple points of view as well as enabling the reader to make judgments for him/ herself rather than relying on a narrator or a single character to supply descriptions of people and events. In this essay I shall consider detail the narrative roles of all three characters of the novel. Christopher Oriko is the Commissioner of Information in the cabinet of His Excellency, Sam. His duties bring him to close proximity to Sam and thus we obtain an insiders account of the political situation in Kangan. Chris informs us in the very first chapter of Sam’s frequent mood swings. In fact he goes as far as to say that â€Å"days are good or bad for us now according to how His Excellency gets out of bed in the morning†. Here, Chris indicates the dictatorial nature of Sam thus setting a stage for the instability in the government. Chris also has a very realistic opinion of the situation and he is careful in pushing for reform than his close friend Ikem, who he thinks is far too sensitive to the danger of angering Sam. A topic which is often considered in Chris’ narrative is the futility of Ikems editorials which makes Sam consider him as treacherous. Chris often defends Ikem; however he is getting â€Å"tired â€Å"of doing so. This difference in opinion and the fact that Ikem has more freedom leaves Chris with growing resentment towards Ikem, and the two seem to be drifting further apart as the novel progresses: â€Å"I can’t talk to Ikem any more. I am tired. And drained of all stamina†, says Chris in chapter eight. Ikem Osodi , who has replaced Chris as the editor of the state controlled National Gazette, feels that â€Å"the situation in Kangan can only be improved hrough reform†. The editor often writes sharp and editorials full of criticism towards the government, giving insights to the problems in Kangan (for example public executions). Ikem states that the best weapon against ineffective government is passion: â€Å"Passion is our hope and strength†, so mething that he feels immensely strong about and also reflects in his work, for example â€Å" Hymn to the Sun†, where Sam is compared to the sun as a metaphor to something that is immensely powerful yet equally destructive. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, His editorials often put him in conflict with Chris, who is now Ikem’s boss, however Ikem refuses any interference towards his work: â€Å"as long as I remain the editor, I shall not seek anybody’s permission to what I write†, however he still acknowledges that â€Å"there is a big danger doing this†. Despite the fact that he is an extremist, Ikem also adds humor through sarcasm ( â€Å"following a leader who follows his leader would be quite a circus†), and thus making the novel quite amusing at times. Beatrice Naynibuife is Chris’ girlfriend and also works in the government (in the ministry of finance). She has been intimate with Ikem, Sam and Chris at some point in her life and even though she is engaged in a relationship with Chris, she still gives us an unbiased outsider’s opinion about the situation between the three of them. For example in chapter five, she claims that â€Å"all three of you, are incredibly conceited. The story of this country, as far as you are concerned, is the story of the three of you. Although much of her narrative concerns her own past, she also tries to bridge the ever developing gap between Chris and Ikem; in chapter eight she tries to persuade Chris to talk to Ikem and work together to solve the mounting crisis of Sam’s power hunger ( trying controlling power similar to Idemili). Apart form these three; an unknown narrator also exists in the novel. While he does not give us any personal opinions like the other narrators, he give s details into African traditions such the story of the goddess Idemili. The different narrators of the novel give us different opinions about the same events that occur, and this as stated in the introduction gives a full and accurate picture of the current situation in the country. It is surprising that despite the novel being about the political instability and the unfortunate condition of the people; it is only the upper class that has a voice in the novel; a kind of metaphor indicating the division in the society and proving that it is only the upper class that has the power to bring about reform. Also, the mixed narratives do not follow a chronological pattern, which could symbolize the general state of confusion in the country. Achebe's use of multiple narrative voices indicates that history is more than a set of events in the past to be told; it is also the feelings and ideas that different people have about the events and at the same time focuses on the community rather than on the individual

The Kind Of Person I Am And My Experiences Admission Essay

I was playing second base for the first in a game. This was my time to prove myself to others of what I am capable of. I searched for my parents in the bleachers, but they were nowhere to be found. â€Å"It wouldn’t be the first time that they didn’t show up. Concentrate†, I told myself. First pitch was already thrown, and it was a foul. I could feel the adrenaline pumping as I saw the batter get into position. I had to win this, not only for the team, but for myself. It was a fast pitch, but she hit it, straight to me. Out! I had caught the hit and everyone started cheering. I couldn’t believe what had happened. I had come a long way from the beginning of the season, and I felt good to know that all my hard work paid off. Half way through freshman year I decided to get more involved. I already had the high GPA, but I also wanted to go do something that I wasn’t naturally good in. I have always enjoyed aiming high or challenging myself to see how far I can go. My pursuit for excellence and readiness to take on any challenge has helped me achieve success many times in the past. Whether it was winning a softball game or acing a math test, I excelled because of my willpower and persistence. I joined W.H.O, a club whose main goal is to help the less fortunate. This act of helping the less fortunate makes me feel good and I really enjoy it. The W.H.O club changed me to a greater extent. It helped me be more outspoken and helped me realize how much I like putting my time into helping others. My parents couldn’t always give me the attention I needed because they were busy with work. Therefore, I decided to give my attention to someone who needs it. I started raising money for Dance Marathon, an organization that gives money to the needy, and wanted to raise the most money. I like the thrill of competition of trying to do my best and seeing how things turn out. I raised about 100 dollars but am aiming for a higher amount this year. This experience inspired me to take on other things like volunteering at the Soup Kitchen to give them food. I also participated in the Recycling Club to help keep the environment. My main drive was that even the smallest things can still m ake a big difference in someone’s life. Since elementary school, I have wanted to do something and make a difference in the world or just someone’s life. I wanted to grow up and do some good in the world. The only way I could think of doing that was by doing my best and not only exceeding in academics but also in extracurricular. This would be my goal for the next four years of high school. I have achieved my goals from the past and set new ones for the future. I am determined to do whatever it takes to get where I want. My experiences have improved my character and strengthen my willpower. I enjoy facing new challenges and conquering them; which is what life is all about.